Professional development guides
- Viewer’s Guide (PDF)
- Viewer’s Guide (fillable PDF)
- Facilitator’s Guide (PDF)
These guides were produced in partnership with the National Education Association.
Literacy terms
Blending: Combining units of sound (syllables, onsets and rimes, phonemes) to form a word.
Multisensory instruction: Instruction that engages more than one sense at a time to help students learn. A multisensory activity can include seeing, talking, hearing, moving, and touching.
Sound chaining: A sound manipulation exercise where one sound is changed to make each new word in a series of words. Example: sip to tip to tape to take to make to mate to mat to hat.
Related resources from Reading Rockets
In the classroom
- Blending and Segmenting Games
- Elkonin Boxes
- Onset/Rime Games
- The Development of Phonological Skills
- How Now Brown Cow: Phonological Awareness Activities
- Sounds and Symbols (video)
- Fluent Reading (video)
Featured articles
Reading 101 self-paced course
Additional resources
- The Alphabetic Principle: From Phonological Awareness to Reading Words (National Center on Improving Literacy)
- K-1 Activities: Phonological Awareness, Phonics, and Fluency (Florida Center for Reading Research)
- Teaching Reading Is Rocket Science: What Expert Teachers of Reading Should Know and Be Able to Do (AFT, Louisa Moats)
Letter names vs. letter sounds
Stretching CVC words
About Linda Farrell
Linda Farrell is a founding partner at Readsters , an Alexandria, VA-based firm that helps schools implement research-based reading instruction. She is committed to effective early reading instruction in, to helping struggling readers become strong readers, and to ensuring that strong readers achieve their full potential.
Linda works in schools throughout the U.S. training and coaching teachers and modeling effective reading instruction. She also has designed curricula in Niger and Senegal for children to learn to read in their local languages.
Linda is a former English teacher. She was a National LETRS trainer for seven years. She has co-authored assessments and curricula for teaching reading, as well as several other published works. Linda can be reached at: linda@readsters.com
Transcript
Mastering Short Vowels and Reading Whole Words with Calista, First Grader
[Music]
Linda Farrell: What do we call that vowel sound? You say …
Calista: Short ‘o.’
Linda Farrell: You got it!
Calista is in first grade at Windy Hill Elementary School in Calvert County, Maryland. She’s an early stage reader who sounds out letters accurately. And she can blend those letters together to form words.
Linda Farrell: Calista, could you please read this column.
Calista: /D/, /i/, /d/, did. /A/, /d/, add. /P/, /al/, pal. /G/, /um/, gum.
Reading expert Linda Farrell is helping Calista take the next step toward fluent reading … reading each word as a whole rather than one sound at a time. Their time together will include work on short vowel sounds, blending and manipulating sounds, reading whole words, and fluency. Ms. Farrell starts by making sure Calista has a strong foundation in her short vowel sounds.
Linda Farrell: We’re gonna learn some motions. Can you hold an apple in your hand? And when I ask you the short ‘a’ sound, you’re gonna say, /aaa/. Say it.
Calista: /a/
Linda Farrell: Now watch me. /Aaaaaa-pul/. You do it.
Calista: /Aaaaaa-pul/
Linda Farrell: Okay. That is going to remind you of the short ‘a’ sound. That’s our motion, so say, /aaa/.
Calista: /a/
Linda Farrell: And when I ask you what the short /a/ sound is, you’re gonna go /aaaa/. Do it.
Calista: /aaa/
Linda Farrell: For short ‘e,’ go like this. Watch me. Go /eeeeeh-j/.
Calista: /eeeeh-j/
Linda Farrell: So we want to start out by making sure she’s solid with her short vowel sounds. So that’s the first thing we did. And she did know her — when I said, “What’s short ‘a’?”, she knew it. She had to think a little bit. So what we did is we want her to — when she can’t remember the vowel sound real easily, we want to not have to give it to her. We want her to have a scaffold to learn it. So we taught Calista the motions that go with the vowel sound, so that if she can’t remember a vowel sound — what is the short ‘o’ sound? — then all she has to do … I can go like this and remind her, or she can go, oh, it’s /ah/, it’s octopus.
Linda Farrell: I tell you what we’re gonna do. We are gonna go to short ‘o.’ Are you ready? Okay. Here we go. /Aaaaahc-tuh-pus/.
Calista: /aaaaahc-tuh-pus/
Linda Farrell: Now we’re not gonna say the /k-tuh-pus/ part. We’re just gonna say /aaah/.
Calista: /aaah/
Linda Farrell: What’s the short ‘o’ sound?
Calista: /aaah/
Linda Farrell: And make the motion.
Calista: /aaah/
Linda Farrell: What’s the short ‘a’ sound?
Calista: /aaa/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘o’?
Calista: /aaah/
Linda Farrell: Okay. Now we’re gonna learn short ‘u.’ You ready for short ‘u’? /Uuu-p/. Do it.
Calista: /uuu-p/
Linda Farrell: And the first sound in up is /uuu/.
Calista: /uuu/
Linda Farrell: What’s the short ‘u’ sound?
Calista: /uuu/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘a’?
Calista: /aaa/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘o’?
Calista: /aaah/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘u’?
Calista: /uuu/
Linda Farrell: The vowel motions that we teach are purposefully motions. They aren’t static, because if I say /a/, /eh/, /i/, /ah/, /u/, you can hardly hear the difference between those sounds. /A/, /eh/, /i/, /ah/, /u/. And children who have phonological awareness difficulties, which is the biggest one of the — it is the biggest problem in reading issues — they don’t hear the vowel sounds easily. Listen to this: /aaaa/, /eeeeh/, /iiiii/, /aaah/, /uuuu/. They sound different. So we want to encourage the children not to say /a/. We want them to say /aaaa/; therefore, the motion that we use — which is holding an apple and then move it across the front of your body, left to right, motion of reading, /aaa/, and then /pul/ is what the rest of the word is, but we only say the first sound — everything encourages them to draw out that sound.
Linda Farrell: Now we’re gonna learn short ‘i.’ Are you ready for short ‘i’?
Calista: Mm-hmm.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Watch this. I went stomping … I went hiking, and I stomped and tromped in some poison ivy, and, boy, do I /iiiiiii-ch/. Do it. Do this.
Calista: /iiiii-ch/
Linda Farrell: /Iiiiiii-ch/. Do it.
Calista: /iiiii-ch/
Linda Farrell: Now, you have to smile real big when you say itch. Go /iiiiiiiii-ch/.
Calista: /iiiiiiii-ch/
Linda Farrell: Do it again. Short ‘i’ sound.
Calista: /iiiiiiii-ch/
Linda Farrell: Okay. And itch is the guide word. I made a mistake. I should have told you that /i/ is just like this: /iii/. We don’t even say the /ch/ part, just do this: /iii/.
Calista: /iii/
Linda Farrell: What’s the short ‘i’ sound?
Calista: /i/. /iii/.
Linda Farrell: Make it go /iiiiii/.
Calista: /iii/
Linda Farrell: What’s the short ‘a’ sound?
Calista: /aaa/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘i’?
Calista: /iii/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘i’?
Calista: /iii/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘a’?
Calista: /aaa/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘o’?
Calista: /aaah/
Linda Farrell: Short ‘u’?
Calista: /uuu/
Linda Farrell: You know your short vowel sounds!
Linda Farrell: Calista was very confident with her vowel sounds. She knew them. I would still have worked on them a little bit more, but she was confident enough for me to move on to the next step. So the next step with a kid who’s reading sound by sound isn’t really intuitive. It’s often a phonological problem. It isn’t a problem with the letters. The kid knows the letters. I know the letter sounds. I can blend the letter sounds into a real word. What they aren’t doing is thinking the sounds in their mind. They’re turning that word — if it’s hug, they look at it and they go /h/, /u/, /g/. And they are never getting the full visual picture of that word. To them it’s always an ‘h-u-g,’ a /h/, /u/, /g/. Not hug. So they haven’t moved to where they can read the whole word without breaking it into phonics. And that’s a step that we’re going to have to teach her to do, which is one of my favorite things to do, because it’s just, they just go from being really slow readers to just being normal readers once they can get this phonological representation.
Linda Farrell: We’re going to do something that we call sound chaining. Okay? I’m going to show you how it works. So I say, “Miss Linda, show me the sounds in ‘lip,’” so I go /l/, /i/, /p/, lip. You touch and say.
Calista: /l/, /i/, /p/, lip
Linda Farrell: Okay. What’s the first sound in lip?
Calista: ‘l’
Linda Farrell: ‘L’ is the name of the letter. What’s the sound?
Calista: /l/
Linda Farrell: What’s the next sound in lip?
Calista: ‘i’
Linda Farrell: ‘I’ is the name of the letter. What’s the sound?
Calista: /i/
Linda Farrell: Okay. And when I ask you, you point to it, okay? So what’s the first sound in lip?
Calista: /l/
Linda Farrell: What’s the next sound in lip?
Calista: /i/
Linda Farrell: And the last sound in lip?
Calista: /p/
Linda Farrell: And what’s the …
Calista: lip
Linda Farrell: Okay. So that’s lip. If I want to change lip to sip, I take out the /l/, and I put in a /s/. Touch and say sip.
Calista: /s/, /i/, /p/, sip
Linda Farrell: What if I wanna change sip to tip?
Calista: You take away this one and add this one.
Linda Farrell: Okay. So what did I take out? Sip to tip. Say sip to tip.
Calista: Sip to tip
Linda Farrell: Which one did I take out? If this is sip, take out …
Calista: The /s/ and add the /t/.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Now I wanna change tip to Tim.
Calista: Hmm.
Linda Farrell: So let’s touch and say tip.
Calista: /t/, /i/, /p/, tip
Linda Farrell: Now touch and say Tim.
Calista: /t/, /i/, /m/, Tim
Linda Farrell: Which one’s different?
Calista: The last one.
Linda Farrell: So what do I take out of tip to change tip to Tim?
Calista: The last one.
Linda Farrell: And what sound do I take out?
Calista: ‘p’
Linda Farrell: ‘P’ is the name of the letter. What’s the sound?
Calista: /p/
Linda Farrell: Okay. Take it out. And what do I put in to make it Tim?
Calista: ‘m’
Linda Farrell: ‘M’ is the name of the letter. What’s the sound?
Calista: /m/
Linda Farrell: Okay. So now I’ve got Tim. Touch and say Tim.
Calista: /t/, /i/, /m/, Tim
Linda Farrell: I wanna change Tim to Tom.
Linda Farrell: When we work with sound-by-sound children, we make sure that they know the difference between letters and sounds and that they can manipulate sounds. Once they can blend and segment sounds confidently, we move to manipulating. How do we do that? We work with colored tiles. They don’t have letters on them, because we want the child to have no distraction with letters. What we want is the child to be thinking about sounds.
Linda Farrell: Touch and say tap.
Calista: /t/, /a/, /p/, tap
Linda Farrell: Can you change tap to tape?
Ms. Farrell gives Calista plenty of quiet time to think about which sounds are changing.
Linda Farrell: Let’s check that because … one thing you did right is there’s always only one tile that changes. Let’s touch and say tap.
Calista: /t/, /a/, /p/, tap
Linda Farrell: Touch and say tape.
Calista: /t/, /ay/, /p/, tape
Linda Farrell: Which one’s different?
Calista: Hmm. Middle.
Linda Farrell: Yeah. What sound do you take out of tap?
Calista: ‘a’
Linda Farrell: ‘A’ is the name of the letter. What sound do you take out of tap?
Calista: /a/
Linda Farrell: Okay. Take it out. And what sound do you put in to make tape?
Calista: /ee/
Linda Farrell: Say tape.
Calista: /t – ayp/
Linda Farrell: Touch and say.
Calista: /t/, /ay/, p/, tape
Linda Farrell: What sound was that?
Calista: /ay/
Linda Farrell: It was /ay/. Okay. So you put in the sound /ay/. If I want to change tape … sorry, yes … tape to take, which one do I change?
Calista: This one.
Linda Farrell: Yes. What sound do I take out of tape?
Calista: ‘p’
Linda Farrell: What sound?
Calista: /p/
Linda Farrell: Yeah. Okay. And what sound to I put in to make it take?
Calista: /k, k/
Linda Farrell: Now this time, when I ask you to make a change, keep your mouth closed and think about it. Okay? Okay. So don’t open your mouth. You can think the sounds in your head. So we’ve got take to make. Okay. Look down. You can look down. Take to make. Can you say take to make?
Calista: Take to make.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Which one changes? Keep your mouth closed. Don’t … you have to think the sounds, okay?
Calista: /t/
Linda Farrell: Okay. So take out /t/. And what are you going to put in for make? What sound?
Calista: /m/
Linda Farrell: /M/. Okay. Can you change … now, again, mouth closed. Okay. But I’m gonna ask you to say make to mate. Say that. Make to mate.
Calista: Make to mate.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Close your mouth, and think about which one. When you know, touch it.
Calista: [points to the letter]
Linda Farrell: Okay. What sound comes out of make?
Calista: /k/
Linda Farrell: Yep. What sound goes in for mate?
Calista: /t/
Linda Farrell: Okay …
Linda Farrell: One of the things Calista does is I say, “What’s the first sound?” and she gives me the name of the letter. And we’ve got to get sound-by-sound children to think in terms of … there are letter sounds, and there are letter names, because the name of the letter, the first letter in phone is ‘p,’ but the first sound in phone is /f/. And if she doesn’t get the difference automatically and quickly, she’ll always be struggling with reading. It’s easy to teach. It’s no big deal. And I think that you see Calista make great strides in her reading.
Now we’re at the point where Ms. Farrell will push Calista to a higher level of reading — from reading words sound by sound to reading whole words.
Linda Farrell: Could you please read this column?
Calista: /D/, /i/, /d/, did. /A/, /d/, add. /P/, /al/, pal. /G/, /um/, gum. /K/, /it/, kit.
Linda Farrell: Students who read sound by sound see a letter, make it a sound, see a letter, make it a sound, see a letter, make it a sound. So this is what’s happening. What that keeps her from being able to do is develop a visual imprint of words and word patterns on her brain. And you never look at the word as a whole. We’re trying to get Calista to look at the word as a whole, as opposed to looking at it letter, by letter, by letter.
Linda Farrell: Now what I’d like you to do is I want you to go back, and this time keep your mouth closed before and think the sounds and don’t open your mouth until you know what the word is and can read it. Okay?
Calista: Did.
Linda Farrell: Keep going.
Calista: Add. Pal. And. Mud.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Phew. You got pretty good there, didn’t ya, closing your mouth.
You can sense the wheels turning in Calista’s mind as she works silently to sound out the letters and put the sounds together into a word. Next comes work on fluency.
Linda Farrell: Let’s start right here.
Calista: Can. The. Lad.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Now go back and read it. Again.
Calista: Can. The. Lad.
Linda Farrell: Now can you go back and read it, Can the lad? Okay. Read it.
Calista. Can the lad.
Linda Farrell: Okay.
Calista: Be. In. The. Mud.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Read it like you’d say it.
Calista: Be in the mud.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Now read the whole sentence.
Calista: Can the lad be in the mud.
Linda Farrell: Okay. Can you read that one?
Calista: Kim was hot. And got a fan. Kim was hot and got a fan.
Linda Farrell: Okay. We’re gonna go and read a couple of sentences now. Those were phrases, and they turned into sentences. Could you please read this sentence?
Calista: Gus. Got. Mud. On. The. Rug.
Linda Farrell: Okay. And now we’re gonna go read a passage. Okay. What’s the title?
Calista: Don and Pip.
Linda Farrell: Okay?
Calista: Don was a lad. Pip was a pup. Don and Pip had a run. The sun was hot.
Linda Farrell: She was getting faster as she closed her mouth. She made more mistakes than she would make if she read sound by sound. She didn’t make that many mistakes, but she did make more mistakes. But that’s okay, because that’s what happens when you start changing a habit, is you go backwards a little bit. She’ll eventually, and I think fairly quickly, be a much faster reader and a much more proficient reader.
Linda Farrell: Do you ever read a book that you like?
Calista: Mm-hmm.
Linda Farrell: Calista made a lot of progress in this lesson, and she is on her way to being a top-notch reader.
Music
We’d like to thank the wonderful students and families at Windy Hill Elementary School in Calvert County, Maryland. We hope that sharing these experiences will help other children who are learning to read.
Special thanks also to Kelly Cleland, Julie Donovan, Joanne Harbaugh, and their outstanding colleagues at Windy Hill Elementary … and to Leanne Meisinger at Calvert County Public Schools.
We are deeply grateful to Linda Farrell, Michael Hunter, and Nicole Lubar of Readsters for their invaluable contributions to this project.
Produced by Noel Gunther
Edited by Christian Lindstrom
Graphic Design: Tina Chovanec
Camera: Richard Chisolm
Audio: Dwayne Dell
For more information about teaching reading, please visit
Reading Rockets is a service of WETA, Washington, D.C.
© 2019, WETA, Washington, D.C.
Extra tips from the session with Calista
1. Letter Names vs. Letter Sounds
Linda Farrell: Some children manage to read and they don’t know the difference between the letter name and a letter sound and they are strong readers and I don’t care. When a student struggles with reading, that’s often something that’s very difficult for them. They think in terms of letter names only. And when you’re a beginning reader, then they’re just trying to memorize letters.
And if I teach Tim is ‘t - i - m,’ three letters … but time is ‘t - i - m -e,’ four letters, and I ask a student who is not strong in knowing the difference between a letter name and a letter sound, “How many sounds in time? Show me how many sounds in time.” And they’ll put four. They’ll put four letters — four tiles down there, and I’ll say, “Well, tell me the sounds.” “/T/, /i/, /m/, /eh/.” That student understands how time is spelled. They know that word is time. And they have not a clue why that word is time and the other word is Tim.
So when I get a student who’s a sound-by-sound reader or who misreads vowel sounds — they read Tim as time or time as Tim; often they read hop as hope, hope as hop — it’s very important that before I ever start to try to teach them to read that they understand that there’s a letter and there’s a sound, because then I can anchor when I get to teach them that kit is ‘k i t.’ Then they know /k/, /i/, /t/. Now how many sounds in kite? /K/, /eye/, /t/ … three. Three sounds in kite. Great. Now let me show you how kite is spelled. This ‘i’ sound is spelled with two letters: this ‘i’ and this ‘e.’ And now suddenly they go, “Oh, I get how it works.” Some kids get … I happen to be a kid … I thought the short ‘a’ sound was /ah/ because that’s what the doctor has you say.
I could read, but, I tell you, I couldn’t teach reading knowing that, because I hadn’t — somehow the patterns, I intuited them, many people do — but when you don’t intuit them, you have to be taught explicitly. One of the things that’s very frustrating is that there are many programs that go real fast, and they don’t teach kids things to mastery. And then we don’t find out who’s struggling until they get to third grade, and now they’re way behind.
And we need to make sure that in first grade Calista masters what’s a letter, what’s a sound. Otherwise, it’s going to get in the way of her reading. It already is, because already she’s thinking in terms of letters — and she can do sounds. She can go, /h/, /u/, /g/, hug. But then I say, “What’s the first sound?” and she goes ‘h.’ Well, she’s not going to be able to understand that ‘th’ together spells /th/, two letters, one sound.
So it’s just a fundamental that we need to teach all children. It wouldn’t have hurt me to learn it. It wouldn’t have hurt anybody to learn that there is a sound and there is a letter. And we will keep children from struggling if we teach that to everyone.
2. Stretching CVC Words
Linda Farrell: We’re gonna learn to do some stretching. Have you ever stretched sounds before?
Calista: Mm-mm.
Linda Farrell: Let me show you how it goes. If I’m going to stretch the word pot, I go like this: Pot. /P/, /ah/, /t/, pot. You do it.
Calista: /P/, /ah/, /t/, pot.
Linda Farrell: And I’m gonna ask you what’s the vowel sound in pot? And you are gonna say … stretch pot. Stretch pot again.
Calista: /p/, /ah/, /t/
Linda Farrell: What’s this sound right here?
Calista: /ah/
Linda Farrell: So the vowel sound is /ah/. What’s the vowel sound?
Calista: /ah/
Linda Farrell: Make the motion.
Calista: /ah/
Linda Farrell: And I’m going to ask you, what do we call that vowel sound? And you say …
Calista: Short ‘o.’
Linda Farrell: You got it. Ready? So when I say “Ready,” you go “Ready!”
Calista: Ready.
Linda Farrell: Pet.
Calista: /p/, /e/, /t/, pet
Linda Farrell: Vowel sound?
Calista: /e/
Linda Farrell: And make the motion.
Calista: /eeeh/
Linda Farrell: And what do we call that vowel sound?
Calista: Short ‘e.’
Linda Farrell: Ready?
Calista: Ready.
Linda Farrell: Sum.
Calista: /s/, /u/, /m/, sum
Linda Farrell: Vowel sound?
Calista: /u/, /uuu/
Linda Farrell: And what do we call that vowel sound?
Calista: Short ‘u.’
Linda Farrell: Okay. You really know your vowel sounds now. You got it.